- Well Child Tamariki Ora My Health Book
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Latest News Most Read. Trending on NZ Herald. A string of Kiwis have shared their stories of applying for countless jobs with no luck. If your baby has trouble latching-on, talk to your Lead Maternity Carer, Well Child provider or doctor and if they think that your baby has a tongue-tie and will benefit from having it cut, you may be referred to a specialist.
Breastfeeding takes a lot of time at first and most new babies want to feed often. Ask your Lead Maternity Carer, nurse or doctor to help your baby feed effectively. If you feel you have a problem with breastfeeding, are worried about your milk supply, or find feeding painful, ask for help.
They can provide you with DVDs before and after the birth and may refer you to a lactation consultant. Hospitals run breastfeeding workshops for new mothers. Breastfeeding groups such as La Leche League also provide help. If you feel tired and unwell, and part of your breast feels sore, hot or lumpy, see your Lead Maternity Carer, nurse or doctor.
You may have inflammation caused by a blocked milk duct this is called mastitis. Keep feeding your baby from the affected breast first, massaging the sore area gently at the same time.
Emptying the breast will help reduce the blockage and keep your milk flowing. It is important that you rest. Keeping the sore area warm with a wheat pack or wrapped hot water bottle will help you feel more comfortable. Your doctor may prescribe some medicine to reduce the inflammation, but this is not usually necessary.
Build up your milk supply by letting your baby feed as often and for as long as they want. From time to time your baby will need to feed more than you expect. Breastfed babies who are well do not need other fluids. Babies who are getting enough milk gain weight, are well and mostly happy, and have 6—8 washable nappies or 5—6 disposable nappies a day, with urine that is a pale yellow colour.
The Ministry of Health website www. You do not need to eat any special foods while breastfeeding, but is is a good idea for you to eat a healthy diet just like everyone else.
If you are a vegetarian, a well-balanced diet should make sure you and your baby get all the nutrients you both need. Vegan women may need extra supplements — consult your Lead Maternity Carer, Well Child provider or doctor.
Iodine is an essential nutrient. Requirements for iodine increase during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Take one microgram iodine-only tablet daily when breastfeeding. This can be purchased at pharmacies or at a lower cost, when prescribed by your doctor or midwife.
You may only need to avoid a certain food if your baby is unsettled, cries a lot or has gas every time you eat it. Please talk to your health professional if you have any concerns. This section covers how to breastfeed, advice on common problems with breastfeeding, breastfeeding at work and how to express and store breast milk.
Babies need iron to grow and develop; without enough iron they may become anaemic, which makes them unsettled and can slow their development. Everything used to make up the formula must be very clean. Feeding equipment including any items used with breast milk must be washed and sterilised until your baby is at least 3 months old and thoroughly washed and rinsed once your baby is over 3 months.
From birth until your baby is at least 3 months old, water used for formula must be boiled and cooled on the day you use it. From 3 months of age you can use water straight out of the tap to make formula. Follow the instructions on the formula can or packet carefully. Use the scoop provided and do not add more water or powder than directed.
In rural areas, water may contain nitrates, which are dangerous for your baby. Your local council can tell you if your bore water is nitrate-free and give you advice. Boiling does not remove nitrates. Use the formula as soon as possible after it is prepared and throw any leftover formula away after 2 hours.
Shake any warmed formula well and always check the temperature by testing some on your wrist. It should feel about the same heat as your skin. If it feels hot, leave it to cool down before feeding your baby.
If you are travelling with your baby, measure the correct amount of water for one feed into a cleaned and sterilised bottle. The section also gives links to a pamphlet you can download.
You will also see a link to a video clip on feeding choices. Vitamin D helps our bodies use calcium to build and maintain strong bones. Our bodies can make it from the sun. Their skin is very sensitive and should not be exposed to direct sunlight.
See Sensible sun exposure. Low levels of vitamin D in babies and children can cause rickets. Rickets can result in weak bones, delayed walking, bowed legs, and swollen wrists or ankles. If untreated, rickets can lead to failure to grow, deformed or broken bones, pneumonia and seizures.
Breast milk is the ideal food for your baby but it may not give them all the vitamin D they need. Supplements can be given to babies who have a high risk of vitamin D deficiency. Babies who are breastfed over winter months in New Zealand may also be vitamin D deficient by late winter or spring.
If your baby is at high risk of vitamin D deficiency, talk to your Lead Maternity Carer, Well Child provider, doctor or a dietitian. Your Lead Maternity Carer or doctor can prescribe a vitamin D supplement that comes in drops.
For more information, including a factsheet in a number of languages, go to the Ministry of Health website. How often you bathe your baby is up to you.
Once or twice a week will keep a newborn baby clean. Most babies love being in the water, and bath time can be a fun and relaxing experience you can both enjoy. If you do not have a bath, you can wash them in a large basin or while they lie on a towel.
It may be helpful if someone else is there to give you a hand. Holding a wet and wriggling baby can feel scary when you are not used to it! Then with your free hand or a soft cloth wash their body, ensuring that their face is held out of the water. Never leave your baby alone in the bath, even for a second. If you need to go away, take your baby with you, or make sure another adult is with them.
Never leave babies in the care of other children in the bath — they might not react as quickly as an adult if your baby slips under the water. Cigarette smoke is very harmful for your baby, both during pregnancy and after birth. Babies who live with smokers get sick more often.
The arrival of a baby is a good reason to stop smoking. If you want help to stop, ask your Lead Maternity Carer, Well Child provider or doctor about smokefree programmes near you. For advice and support to help you quit smoking, phone the free Quitline, Quitline can also provide an exchange card for nicotine patches, lozenges and gum to help you quit.
Although for some babies the cause of death is never found, many of these deaths are caused by suffocation and are preventable. There are things we can do to protect our babies. This will help you to be sure that your baby has their own safe sleep space — usually a cot or bassinet in the first few months see the First week assessment.
Sleep your baby on their back to keep their airways clear for breathing. Put your baby to sleep in their own cot, not with an adult or another child who might accidently smother them.
Just as you would nominate a sober driver, every baby and child needs a sober caregiver. This may help reduce the risk of your baby suffocating while they are asleep. If you are out somewhere, make sure your baby has a safe place to sleep. Car seats or capsules protect your baby when travelling in the car.
They are not suitable for your baby to sleep in when you are at home or at your destination. If you are on a low income, you may be able to receive help from Work and Income. For more information visit www. There should be nothing in the bed that could cover their face or lift their head — no large stuffed toys, pillows, loose bedding or bumper pads.
Being smokefree during pregnancy and after is best for your baby. If a mother smokes during pregnancy, poisonous chemicals affect the growing baby. This weakens them after they are born so that they are unable to react as strongly to situations such as accidentally having their face covered. This will help your baby grow strong and healthy.
Feed your baby only breast milk for the first 6 months and when you have introduced solids keep breastfeeding for the first year and beyond. Make sure your baby is immunised on time. If you find your baby not breathing, call for help, and begin rescue breathing CPR immediately.
This can happen in all sleep positions because babies have heavy heads and sleep a lot. To avoid a flat spot developing when your baby is sleeping, turn their head so that they sometimes face left and sometimes face right. Or if you notice they like to face a window, turn them around in their bed to encourage them to move their head to the other side.
Giving your baby time upright and on their tummy when they are awake will also help prevent a flat spot from developing. Babies can be unsettled for the first few months as they learn to communicate their needs to you. Crying often means hunger, a dirty or wet nappy, or they may just need a cuddle, a song, a walk or a ride to soothe them.
Carrying your baby in a safe sling will also help settle them. Watch for their responses to your care and learn what works for your baby.
Colic usually happens in the afternoon or evening or after a feed, and it can be very upsetting. No one really knows what causes colic and it usually disappears after the first 3 months. If you think your baby is crying a lot, talk to your Well Child provider or doctor.
If you find yourself getting frustrated or distressed, it is OK to put the baby down gently in a safe place, walk away and take a break. Do not pick up the baby until you have calmed down.
Your baby is more likely to calm down when you are feeling calm and in control. Never, ever shake a baby. Never leave a baby alone with anyone who may lose control.
A single moment of losing control may damage a baby forever. Babies can die if they are shaken. If you ever think your baby has been hurt, call Phone PlunketLine or Healthline for advice and support. Young parents may like to phone Youthline on You can also find helpful information on the Kidshealth website.
Newborn babies have varied sleep patterns and in the beginning do not know the difference between day and night time. In the first 3—6 months many babies wake to feed at least once or twice in the night, but this can vary greatly. From 3 to 9 months many babies settle into a pattern of having morning and afternoon naps, but often reduce their morning nap as they get more active.
Their sleep cycles are shorter than those of adults, with a mixture of light and deep sleep. A tired baby will rub their eyes, grizzle, yawn, have poor eye contact or stare into space.
They may clench their fists, have tense movements and startle more easily than usual. If night feeds are quiet with no playing, it helps your baby learn the difference between day and night time and develop sleeping habits to match the rest of the family. Check that your baby is warm but not too hot. The back of their neck or their tummy under the clothes should feel warm, not hot or cold.
Your baby will be comfortable when their hands and feet are a bit cooler than the rest of their body. It also helps protect against SUDI and overheating. You will need a car seat from the day your baby is born.
Car seats can be hired from Plunket, your local Well Child provider and some retail outlets — ask your Lead Maternity Carer for information. Cuddling, rocking, talking and singing are some of the ways you can communicate with your baby. Move with your baby to music, to introduce them to rhythm. When your baby makes sounds, repeat the sounds back so they learn to talk with you.
Babies are learning language from birth — talk and sing to them in your own language. Play simple games like peek-a-boo.
Point out and name things that can be seen and heard. Talk about what you are doing and make eye contact with your baby while you are talking. Read books to your baby and describe the pictures. Spending time with your baby grows your relationship with them.
You will learn to recognise the signs that they are tired, or hungry, or need a nappy change and develop routines for bedtimes and bath times. By responding to each other in these kinds of ways, you develop a growing relationship that helps your baby to feel loved and secure. Breastfeeding is still best for your baby.
If you are not breastfeeding, keep using an infant formula until they are 12 months old.
Your baby may need extra drinks of breast milk or formula in hot weather and when they are ill. Babies under 6 months of age should not be given water to drink. If you need to return to the workplace while breastfeeding, the Ministry of Health has advice to support you at www. If your baby has diarrhoea, follow the advice in the Diarrhoea and vomiting section.
If you are worried, phone Healthline Your baby may start putting their hands or toys in their mouth, or have a growth spurt and want to feed more at around 3 months. If your baby seems hungry after breastfeeding before they are 6 months old, talk to your Well Child provider or doctor, or ring PlunketLine on See Feeding your baby for more about first foods.
Although for some babies the cause of death is never found, most SUDI happens when a baby is sleeping in an unsafe way. The commonest cause is suffocation by their bedding or accidental smothering by an adult or child who is sleeping with the baby.
Most of these deaths can be prevented. SUDI is extremely rare when babies are put to sleep in safe sleep conditions. There are many easy things we can do to protect our babies.
Babies may begin to roll over from their back to their front when they get to 5 or 6 months old. Make sure that cots are assembled correctly. Consumer Affairs New Zealand state that spaces between the bars of the cot must be between 50 mm and 95 mm.
Find one with the spaces closer to 50 mm if you can. The cords for blinds and curtains are a danger. For more on preventing choking and strangling, see the Choking, strangling, suffocating section. Some cry more than others, especially when they are between 6 weeks and 3 months old. It is very normal for babies at this age to seem unsettled at some time during the day or evening.
Well Child Tamariki Ora My Health Book
This can be very stressful, and you may worry that there is something wrong. Phone a friend for a chat if there is no help at hand, or your Well Child provider, or doctor, PlunketLine or Healthline Keep trying to get help until you make contact with someone, somewhere.
If you feel you might lose control and have no phone, put your baby in a safe place and walk away for a short time see Coping with a crying baby. About 1 in 8 mothers and some partners too will experience significant emotional distress such as depression or anxiety after the birth of their baby.
This is more likely if they or a close family member have experienced these or similar difficulties in the past, or during pregnancy. Other factors can be stress, isolation, a difficult birth, or the birth of a baby with serious health problems.
You may feel weepy, anxious, tired or unable to sleep, or that you are just not coping with your baby. Sometimes these feelings can emerge suddenly and unexpectedly. At other times, your moods may swing for no obvious reason.
Because postnatal depression can affect how women feel about, and care for, their baby and other children, your Well Child provider will ask questions about your feelings when they visit, so they can help you get the support you need.
You may want to take someone with you to the appointment. Your doctor will be able talk to you about treatment and possible medication. They will also know what help is available in the community, such as postnatal depression groups, community mental health services, home help and counselling. If you do have postnatal depression, remember that it is treatable and that you can get support.
Depression is an illness and most often people make a full recovery. Partners, fathers and other support people need to know what to do if they are worried about your mental health. Talk to other people as well. You may be surprised by how many of your friends and family have had similar feelings when they have had a new baby.
Home help may be another option. You can visit a local Plunket Family Centre to find one, see the Plunket Near You page of the Plunket website for support and information or call PlunketLine to talk to a nurse. Your Well Child provider can also suggest services to help you cope with postnatal depression. There may be a local postnatal depression group you could join.
If you have had depression or another mental illness before, you might like to consider strategies that can help you in the first few months after having a baby. Asking other people to be ready to help you, or letting people know what to look for, can mean that you are able to get help earlier. Alcohol and other drugs can make your depression worse.
Teeth start growing before a baby is born. The bottom front teeth usually come through the gum first. Teething may also be associated with restlessness and crying, a slight fever, cheek redness, not eating or sleeping well, drooling and a desire to bite something hard.
If your baby is upset, gently rub their gums with a clean finger or the back of a cold spoon. You can also apply ice cubes wrapped in a wash cloth to the reddened cheek. Your pharmacy has special teething lotions and gels to gently massage into the gums.
Give something to chew on, such as a clean teething ring. It is best to avoid teething rings that have liquid inside, as the liquid may not be safe if the ring breaks. If your baby has, a lot of pain, has bleeding or pus in their gums or swelling in the mouth or face, get help from a doctor or nurse or call Healthline Teething does not make babies sick and does not cause high fever, vomiting, diarrhoea or ear infections.
Teeth are at risk of dental decay from the time they start to appear. From about 6 months of age children are at risk of tooth decay. Use a small soft brush and a smear of regular-strength fluoride toothpaste twice a day. One brushing should be last thing at night before bedtime.
Use ppm regular strength toothpaste — only a smear for younger children. This is based on many years of research on the effectiveness of different strength toothpastes.
See the fluoride toothpaste section. Around 6 months is a good time to prepare your baby for drinking from a cup. Start with water in a sipper cup and you will find it much easier to wean from the breast or bottle later. Going to sleep with a bottle of milk or juice will start to cause tooth decay.
The KidsHealth website has excellent advice on caring for your baby's teeth. On the home page, type Teeth: Many mothers go back to work and keep breastfeeding their babies.
You can continue to breastfeed by:. Talk to your family and friends to see how they can help. By law, employers must give you unpaid breaks to breastfeed your baby or express milk at work, and must provide you with facilities to do this.
If you are having problems getting this time, then someone at your work should be able to help you, or you can get advice from the websites below.
The Ministry of Health website has a useful section - on the home page, type Breastfeeding in public into the Search box. The Breastfeeding Friendly Workplaces website has useful information about your right to breastfeed at work and advice on how to manage. For more information on parental leave go to www. Anyone who looks after young children should learn first aid and rescue breathing.
Talk to your Well Child provider or doctor about where you can learn this. See also First aid and CPR. It is also important that you know that your sitter is safe with a crying baby. Make sure that they know what to do if your baby is unsettled. Any behaviour by a family member that makes someone else feel controlled and fearful is never OK.
The website of the Campaign for Action on Family Violence has plenty of information, advice and resources.
The website also gives links to various organisations that can help. If you or your children feel unsafe in any way, you can talk to your Lead Maternity Carer, Well Child provider or doctor.
They are trained to help. For more information, see Keeping your child healthy and safe. Stress, tiredness and frustration can make it hard for parents and caregivers to deal calmly with a crying child, tantrums or challenging behaviour without losing their own control. The SKIP website has a good range of suggestions for coping effectively with difficult situations.
From the home page, go to Tips for parents. Talk to your baby while you are dressing, bathing and feeding them, and make eye contact while you talk. They learn by hearing you — they will understand what you say before they start to talk.
If you speak te reo or another language that is not English, your child will easily pick up both languages. Sing and tell stories. Bedtime and other routines help make your baby feel secure. They might become attached to a toy or blanket they like to take to bed, to keep them company and to help them settle.
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From 9 months to 12 months, children learn by touching everything. This is normal, but you will need to keep dangerous and breakable things out of reach.
By 6 months some children may sleep through the night without a feed but many continue to wake at night until 12 months and older. But you can encourage them to develop good sleep habits by having a regular bedtime with good routines, such as a bath and a story after dinner. Dads love to play busy games with their children, but these are best avoided just before bedtime.
Try to keep to the safe sleep practices that you have been using with your baby. Car seats and strollers should only be used for travelling and not as a sleeping device when you are at home or at your destination.
If you are out somewhere, or if you are sleeping with your baby, make sure they have their own safe place to sleep. If you go out, remember to take your portacot with you. If you are on a low income, you may be able to receive a Special Needs Grant from Work and Income to buy a bed.
There should be nothing in the bed that could cover their face or lift their head — no toys, pillows, loose bedding or bumper pads.
There are choking and strangling risks in the bedroom too. Try to make the spaces closer to 50 mm if you can. For more on preventing choking and strangling, see Choking, strangling, suffocating. Keep breastfeeding your baby for the first year, and beyond if you like.
Keep feeding your child breast milk until they are at least 12 months old. If this is not possible, the only suitable alternative for children under 12 months is infant formula. Some mothers continue breastfeeding past this time. Start giving some solids when your child is ready and needs extra food — this will be at around 6 months of age.
You could also see the Health Promotion Agency's resources on infant feeding. First foods need to be plain, smooth and soft, such as:. Some children are ready to try finger food in pieces that they can easily pick up and put in their mouths. Try pieces of very soft vegetables and fruit e. Vegetarian babies can get iron from dark green leafy vegetables, egg yolk and wholemeal cereals.
If you are bringing up your baby as a vegetarian or vegan, it is important that you get dietary advice, as babies need a different nutritional balance from an adult. To grow and learn well, your baby needs the vitamins and minerals especially iron in solid foods from around 6 months of age.
If you would like to know more about healthy eating for your child, or if you are worried about how your child is growing, talk to your Well Child provider or doctor. A child is not always hungry. Getting upset about them refusing food makes it worse. It could just be time to offer smaller helpings or a new food.
Babies and young children can choke easily, so feed them only when they are seated and always stay with them while they eat. Be aware of some high-risk foods, such as small hard foods e. For more information on food-related choking, see the Ministry of Health website. Sweetened drinks, foods and fruit juices can cause tooth decay holes and cause your child to develop a taste for sweetened foods.
Avoid putting your child to bed with a bottle, as the milk, formula or juice can harm their teeth as they sleep. Baby teeth are important in helping your child to eat and speak properly.
Baby teeth also hold the space for adult teeth. They guide the adult teeth into their correct position and are important for the proper growth of the face and jaw. As soon as teeth appear, you should start the habit of gentle brushing with a small, soft toothbrush and a smear of regular-strength fluoride toothpaste twice a day.
One of these brushings should be last thing at night before bed. Healthy Smiles has information and advice from the New Zealand Dental Association, including a video on how to lift the lip.
Look for chalky, white spots or patches at the gumline, particularly on the upper front teeth. Also look for discoloured areas or if any parts of the teeth are missing. Check that gums look healthy, not swollen or bleeding. Make sure you enrol your child with the Community Oral Health Service.
The service is free. It focuses on preventing ill-health and intervening early if an examination finds tooth decay. Regular dental check-ups increase the chances that dental therapists will detect any signs of oral disease such as tooth decay early, which allows for timely treatment or preventive measures.
Good family relationships are important for everyone. It is good for partners to be involved in some child and health care too see the Partners are needed too section. Other children will want to be involved as well.
Children learn by trying to do things themselves when they play. They like to be busy. You can help by:. There is also a link between learning and movement.
The Ministry of Health has published Guidelines for active play for under fives. Talk to your child — about what they are doing and what is happening around you during the day. Use short, simple sentences and praise their attempts to talk to you. Look at books together, tell the story and describe the pictures. Children learn a lot by watching you.
If you are kind and loving with a child, even when you have to be firm, it will help them learn self-control from you. When you listen to children, they know you care about how they feel. Toddlers are still learning to understand how you want them to behave.
If there is a new baby, spend some special time alone with your toddler. Make them feel proud of being old enough to help with care of the new baby.
You will still need to take care with food texture to prevent choking. Do not give small, hard foods such as whole nuts and large seeds until children are at least 5 years old. As long as they are growing well and have lots of energy, just keep offering healthy choices. For example, they may reject some vegetables but gobble up plenty of fruit instead.
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Offer smaller helpings if they reject food and offer the rejected food later on. Avoid giving fatty or fried foods, or foods high in sugar or salt. They may suddenly refuse a food that was a favourite.
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Even the best eaters are fussy at times. Here are some tips that may help. Offer small amounts of the foods they refuse, as well as new foods and the foods they like. Try to serve meals before your child is tired, or have your evening meal earlier. Offer a variety of foods during the day, as a tired child may not eat well at night.
Try not to battle over mealtimes. Give them a range of healthy foods and let them choose what they want and how much. Involve your child in preparing food, as this may increase their interest. Offer your child simple choices — e. Avoid snacks just before meals. A 1—2 hour gap will help them feel hungrier by meal time.
Check how much they are drinking, as too much milk can reduce their appetite. Toddlers can usually have up to ml 2 cups of milk per day. Eat together sitting down as a family and remove other distractions like the TV. Eat the foods you want your children to eat.
They love to copy what you do. Children eat small amounts, and so they need three small meals a day and small healthy snacks between meals, such as:.
See the Choking section for what to do if your child is choking. If your child is thirsty, water is the best drink. If you are giving children juice, add plenty of water — 1 part juice to 10 parts water.
Show your child you are physically active, and they will learn from you — walking to the park, playing with a ball, etc. Help your child with the habit of brushing their teeth twice a day — after breakfast and before bed. Children need help to clean their teeth until they are around 8 or 9 years old.
Use a small toothbrush with soft bristles and a smear of regular-strength fluoride toothpaste to help harden and protect the teeth. You may find it easier to stand behind your child and gently tilt their head back as you brush.
Brush all around the inside surfaces, where teeth meet the gums, and also the top chewing surfaces. On the front of the teeth, brush in tiny circles all around the outside surfaces, close to the gums. By not rinsing toothpaste from the mouth after brushing, fluoride remains in contact with the teeth for longer and can more effectively prevent tooth decay.
Most toddlers and young children enjoy doing this. Make sure you look after your own teeth well — your child will learn most about how to clean their teeth by copying you. Also, your child can catch bacteria from you that cause tooth decay — for example, if you share spoons or your toothbrush.
Regular dental check-ups increase the chances of finding and treating any tooth decay early. If your child accidentally bumps their teeth, it is important that you take them to a dental therapist in the Community Oral Health Service or a dentist, even if the teeth still look all right. The dental therapist or dentist can check that no damage has been done to the nerves or to the developing teeth.
The Healthy Smiles website has information and advice from the New Zealand Dental Association, including a video on how to lift the lip. Your toddler is learning about their body and trying to do a lot of new things.
They are more likely to be injured between 1 and 2 years of age than at any other time in their life. It is really important to make sure that someone is keeping an eye on your toddler at all times. This is especially important when there are lots of people around, or if you are in an unfamiliar place. For ideas and information on safe activity, see the Sport New Zealand website.
A child will be ready to start learning to use the toilet any time between about 20 months and about 3 years. Every child learns at a different pace. The SKIP website has a good section on toileting.
They may also have special toddler reading sessions. These are fun for your child — and for you. Encourage your child to extend themselves in a safe way, by balancing, jumping, etc. Be a positive role model by being active — walking the dog, swimming, running, going for family walks.
Have simple conversations with your child. Follow their lead and talk about activities they are doing. Get their attention before you speak and reduce background noise and distractions. When you talk to your child, use the same level of words and sentences that they do, or a little higher.
Create the need to talk. Reward their attempts to talk. Helping children learn to behave the way you want them to is one of the toughest jobs of parenting. Copying you is one of the most important ways they learn. If you behave the way you want them to behave, they wil learn from you. Ignore unwanted behaviour or distract the child with something else.
Unwanted behaviour may be a way of getting your attention. Listen to your child when they talk to you and spend time with them. Being fair and consistent makes things easier for them — and for you. Never shake, hit or smack your child. Put them in a safe place, like a bedroom bathrooms or laundries can be unsafe places and walk away from them until things cool down.
Your doctor or Well Child nurse will need to make a referral for you. Phone PlunketLine or Healthline Young parents can phone Youthline on You can also find helpful information on tthe KidsHealth website. Most toddlers and young children enjoy doing this, and your child may want to brush their own teeth by now.
However, children cannot brush properly by themselves until they can control a pencil and begin to write. You should keep helping your child brush their teeth until they are 8 or 9 years old.
Teeth should be brushed twice a day with a smear of regular-strength fluoride toothpaste after breakfast and before bed. You will need to put the toothpaste on the brush a smear for children under 6 because small children will nearly always put too much on. Encourage your child to spit out the toothpaste after brushing and not to rinse with water.
Make sure they do not eat toothpaste. If your child accidentally bumps their teeth it is important that you take them to a dental therapist in the Community Oral Health Service or a dentist, even when the teeth still look all right.
Children need their sleep — and so do you. You can decide to be firm about having a regular bedtime. Establishing a daily bedtime routine with cuddles and a story or a special toy will help make bedtime easier. Try to avoid busy play just before bedtime — make sure this is a quiet time. Talk to your child about how staying in bed after the light is out is a good thing to do.
Praise them in the morning if they do it. Just put them back to bed. The idea is for them to get bored with the behaviour rather than you getting angry. If you are having trouble with bedtimes, ask your Well Child provider or doctor for advice or call PlunketLine to talk to a Well Child nurse. The Ministry of Health website has information on Sleep tips for young children and Baby sleep and settling.
When a child has been dry for a while in the daytime, they will usually start having some dry nights as well. This is a sign that you can start to talk about moving from a nappy or pull-ups to wearing pyjama pants at night.
They will still have a few accidents, so be prepared to support and encourage them as they learn to be dry.
It takes a lot longer for children to learn control at night than in the daytime, but some will learn quickly. Sometimes children who are dry at night start wetting again. This can be due to stress such as the arrival of a new baby or moving house , but will settle down quickly with positive encouragement and support.
If it persists or you have concerns about it, ask your Well Child provider or doctor for advice or call PlunketLine. Reward them for getting it right. Try to spend time with your child every day without any interruptions. Make playtimes interactive and fun for the child — consider their interests. Giving your child this kind of attention will make them feel special.
Encourage active play and story time. Your local library will have some good ideas about suitable books. Talking and reading together helps language development.
Make sure the programmes are suitable for children, and keep total screen time to less than 2 hours a day, and not last thing at night. Family time over dinner is important for talking together, so it is better if the TV is off.
Not having such a distraction during mealtimes also helps family members to be mindful of what they eat and stay a healthy weight. Children do best when they feel loved and valued, are well supervised, and know how they should behave. Appreciation, praise and hugs for good behaviour are far more effective than criticising and punishing.
If you want to encourage a behaviour, notice it. Let your child know how proud you are of them. Intervene in challenging behaviour only when your child is behaving really badly or is in danger.
Children love attention and will sometimes behave in any way that gets it. Ensure your child understands what is expected of them. Explain to your child exactly what you expect of them and help them to understand the behaviour you want. Be clear and consistent. If your expectations are the same over time, your child is more likely to learn to meet them.
When talking to your child, make sure you have their attention. Keep the message short and simple so that they will understand. Every child has their own personality and individual needs. Some are harder to guide than others.
Remember that no one is well behaved all the time! Help children learn from their mistakes. Children — and adults too — make mistakes. Mistakes are opportunities we can all learn from. Help children learn about feelings. They also need to learn how to show their feelings without hurting themselves or anyone or anything else. Help children find safe ways to express their feelings.
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Talk to them about their feelings and their worries. It is never too early to learn that a problem shared is a problem halved. Remember, parents are models for their children.
They will want to copy your behaviour to be just like you. The T Ips for parents section of the SKIP website has a good range of suggestions for coping effectively with difficult situations. The New Zealand Police website has a useful section on this. They need to know that someone will listen.
The website of the Campaign for Action on Family Violence has a wealth of information, advice and resources. If you or your children feel unsafe in any way, you can talk to your Well Child provider or doctor. Your child will probably want to brush their own teeth by now.
You should continue to help your child brush their teeth until they are 8 or 9 years old. Brush twice a day with a smear of regular-strength fluoride toothpaste and encourage your child to spit out the toothpaste after brushing and not rinse with water.
Make sure that your child is not using too much fluoride toothpaste, or eating it. Regular dental visits are vital, not only to prevent potential dental problems but also to reduce the stress and pain of dental decay.
If your child accidentally bumps their teeth, it is important that you take them to a dental therapist in the Community Oral Health Service or a dentist, even when the teeth still look all right.
Some may have the occasional wetting during the day too. Boys often take longer to be dry at night than girls. Just show them you are really pleased when they are dry all night.
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Use rewards like special time or an outing rather than sweets or other treats. This can be due to stress such as the arrival of a new baby or moving house , but it should settle down quickly with positive encouragement and support. If it persists or you have concerns about it, ask your Well Child provider or doctor for advice or call PlunketLine to talk to a Well Child nurse.
The SKIP website has a useful page on toilet training. What you eat will have a big effect on how you feel during the day and how well you sleep. When you are eating well, you are looking after yourself and your baby too.
Try not to miss meals and drink plenty of water. This is important for milk production if you are breastfeeding. Frequent healthy snacking during the day may work better for you. For information about keeping yourself healthy while breastfeeding, the Mothers need to look after themselves too and the Breastfeeding is best for your baby sections.
Getting the sleep you need is not easy with a new baby or a very young child, but they need you to be healthy and rested. Sleep is one of the most important parts of looking after yourself and your baby. Signs of sleep deprivation include being grumpy, and being more emotional, stressed, and hungy or less hungry than usual.
People can become clumsy and find it hard to focus, remember things or communicate. Sometimes sleep deprivation can look a lot like postnatal depression see Postnatal depression.
If your feelings persist, talk to your Well Child provider or doctor. Sleep when your baby is sleeping. If you have a partner, they may be able to bring your baby to you for a night feed and put the baby back in their own bed afterwards.
If you are breastfeeding, you may be able express milk and get someone else to do a night feed occasionally. For help on expressing breastmilk, talk to your Lead Maternity Carer or Well Child provider, or check out the websites suggested in the section Returning to work outside the home.
The light from TV screens, computers and tablets wakes up your brain and makes it harder to go to sleep. Tea, coffee, cola, energy drinks and chocolate all contain caffeine, which may keep you awake. Some pain medication contains caffeine — check the label. If you are breastfeeding and taking in a lot of caffeine, your baby will get it through your milk, and it might make them hard to settle.
Smoking may reduce the amount of breastmilk you can produce, and your baby will get nicotine and other harmful substances through your milk. Quitline provides help, advice and resources for stopping smoking.
These feelings are normal. About 1 in 8 mothers and some partners too will experience depression or anxiety after the birth of their baby.
They will be able to help you. You may want to have a partner or friend with you as well. Depression is a treatable illness, and you can get support. For more information and tips for coping, see the Postnatal depression section. The Plunket near you page on the Plunket website will help you find a group in your area.
Your local library, community centre and community noticeboards are also good sources of information. Birthright offers valuable help, advice and support to single-parent families. Having a baby is a big lifestyle change. Here are some ideas to try:. All partners who share in raising a child need to be able to bond with them in their own right, especially in the early stages.
If they are working outside the home, parental leave is very important. It allows them to give much-needed support to the mother and get closely involved in caring for their children. For more information on parental leave, see the employment website. With a new baby in the home partners have a vital role in keeping normal family life going — dealing with day-to-day arrangements, attending to the care of other children, supporting the mother, and arranging other help as needed.
They may not be sure what is most helpful and how to provide it. They can also feel excluded or criticised when professionals ignore them and dismiss their ideas and needs. Work and financial pressures can be another source of stress.
Partners may feel responsible for resolving money problems, even when these are outside their direct control.
They may feel that it is hard to get it right. Partners too often struggle with lack of sleep and the lifestyle changes a new baby brings, and may also experience depression.