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Sanatatea copilului Medicul de familie Terapii complementare Trup, minte, suflet Frumos si sanatos Sanatatea familiei Starea de sanatate. Rusia Fotbal intern Fotbal international Sporturi eXtrasport. Razvan Belciuganu Diana Rucinschi 11 Aug - Who decided to classify the contract for buying the Hawk missile system?
Ministry of Defense Press Office: The decision was part of the governmental agreement between Romania and The Netherlands. Who took part in negotiating the contract and who signed it, for Romania?
The evaluating commission of the Ministry negotiated the deal and Romtehnica Company signed it for the Ministry of Defense. Was the Romanian Ministry of Defense informed by the Dutch of the high cancer and other diseases incidence among the military handling the Hawk missiles?
If yes, what were the measures taken for protecting the Romanian military from such dangers? Vasile Furdui s-a sinucis.
Liga 1. Clasament și rezultate complete. Etapa 2 | DCNews
Farmec inaugureaza al lea magazin de brand. Pepco deschide un magazin in centrul comercial Milcov din Volkswagen, BMW si Audi, cele mai cautate marci auto de Adrian Dobre, subiect de glume pe Facebook. A recunoscut imediat de ce a recurs la acest gest. Ce se intampla cu salariul minim. Iti mai aduci aminte de Flavia? In cantarea 35 de kilograme!
Uite cum arata astazi. Connect-R si Misha au petrecut Craciunul impreuna! Inca un divort zguduie showbiz-ul romanesc! S-au despartit dupa 10 ani de casnicie, nimeni nu se astepta. It may have been the first language to influence the Latin spoken in Dacia, but little is known about it.
Dacian is usually considered to have been a northern branch of the Thracian language , and, like Thracian, Dacian was a satem language.
About words found only in Romanian or with a cognate in the Albanian language may be inherited from Dacian for example: Some linguists and historians have asserted that Albanians are Dacians who were not Romanized and migrated southward. A different view is that these non-Latin words with Albanian cognates are not necessarily Dacian, but rather were brought into the territory that is modern Romania by Romance-speaking shepherds migrating north from Albania, Serbia, and northern Greece who became the Romanian people.
While most of Romanian grammar and morphology are based on Latin, there are some features that are shared only with other languages of the Balkans and not found in other Romance languages. The shared features of Romanian and the other languages of the Balkan language area Bulgarian , Macedonian , Albanian , Greek, and Serbian include a suffixed definite article , the syncretism of genitive and dative case and the formation of the future and the alternation of infinitive with subjunctive constructions.
The Slavic influences on Romanian are especially noticeable at lexis, phonetics, morphology and syntax.
Based on words, Moldavian linguist Alexandru Cihac and later Tinktin estimated that the Romanian vocabulary consists of the following origins: Slavic tribes lived in the territory of present-day Romania during the early evolution of the language, Old Church Slavonic was the official language of Wallachia and Moldavia until it was replaced by Romanian in the 18th century, and was used continuously as the liturgical language of the Romanian Orthodox Church.
Even before the 19th century, Romanian came in contact with several other languages.
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Some notable examples include:. Furthermore, during the Habsburg and, later on, Austrian rule of Banat , Transylvania , and Bukovina , a large number of words were borrowed from Austrian High German , in particular in fields such as the military, administration, social welfare, economy, etc.
In addition, many more words were borrowed from Classical Latin through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Roman Catholic Church, as Latin did hold an important position in Transylvania after the 11th century as it was part of Kingdom of Hungary, a Roman Catholic country, until it became part of Romania after World War I.
Throughout the Middle Ages and well into the early modern period, most literate Romanian speakers, including Roman Catholics and Orthodox, were also literate in Latin; and thus they easily adopted Latin words, along with Hungarian, into their writing—and eventually speech—in Romanian.
Consequently, this led Romanian to include the least amount of Slavic loanwords from all other non-Slavic languages in the geographic vicinity of its linguistic areal. Since the 19th century, many literary or learned words were borrowed from the other Romance languages, especially from French and Italian for example: The use of these Romanianized French and Italian learned loans has tended to increase at the expense of Slavic loanwords, many of which have become rare or fallen out of use.
As second or third languages, French and Italian themselves are better known in Romania than in Romania's neighbors. Along with the switch to the Latin alphabet in Moldova, the re-latinization of the vocabulary has tended to reinforce the Latin character of the language.
In the process of lexical modernization, much of the native Latin stock have acquired doublets from other Romance languages , thus forming a further and more modern and literary lexical layer.
Typically, the native word is a noun and the learned loan is an adjective. Some examples of doublets:. In the 20th century, an increasing number of English words have been borrowed such as: These words are assigned grammatical gender in Romanian and handled according to Romanian rules; thus "the manager" is managerul.
Some borrowings, for example in the computer field, appear to have awkward perhaps contrived and ludicrous 'Romanisation,' such as cookie-uri which is the plural of the Internet term cookie. A statistical analysis sorting Romanian words by etymological source carried out by Macrea [92] based on the DLRM [93] 49, words showed the following makeup: If the analysis is restricted to a core vocabulary of 2, frequent, semantically rich and productive words, then the Latin inheritance comes first, followed by Romance and classical Latin neologisms, whereas the Slavic borrowings come third.
Overall, Romanian grammar is more conservative in its preservation of Latin grammatical constructs than other Romance languages. Scholars disagree on the reasons for this. The articles, as well as most adjectives and pronouns, agree in gender, number and case with the noun they modify. Romanian is the only Romance language where definite articles are enclitic: As in all Romance languages, Romanian verbs are highly inflected for person, number, tense, mood, and voice.
The usual word order in sentences is subject—verb—object SVO. Romanian has four verbal conjugations which further split into ten conjugation patterns.
Romanian has seven vowels: There are twenty-two consonants. The first written record about a Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages in the Balkans is from A Vlach muleteer accompanying the Byzantine army noticed that the load was falling from one of the animals and shouted to a companion Torna, torna frate meaning "Return, return brother!
Theophanes Confessor recorded it as part of a 6th-century military expedition by Commentiolus and Priscus against the Avars and Slovenes. It was written using the Cyrillic alphabet , like most early Romanian writings.
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The earliest surviving writing in Latin script was a late 16th-century Transylvanian text which was written with the Hungarian alphabet conventions. In the 18th century, Transylvanian scholars noted the Latin origin of Romanian and adapted the Latin alphabet to the Romanian language, using some orthographic rules from Italian , recognized as Romanian's closest relative.
The Cyrillic alphabet remained in gradually decreasing use until , when Romanian writing was first officially regulated. In the Soviet Republic of Moldova , a special version of the Cyrillic alphabet derived from the Russian version was used until , when Romanian language spoken there officially returned to the Romanian Latin alphabet, although in the breakaway territory of Transnistria the Cyrillic alphabet is used to this day.
K, Q, W and Y, not part of the native alphabet, were officially introduced in the Romanian alphabet in and are mostly used to write loanwords like kilogram , quasar , watt , and yoga. Formerly, there were as many as 12 additional letters, but some of them were abolished in subsequent reforms. Today the Romanian alphabet is largely phonemic.
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Another exception from a completely phonetic writing system is the fact that vowels and their respective semivowels are not distinguished in writing. In dictionaries the distinction is marked by separating the entry word into syllables for words containing a hiatus. Stressed vowels also are not marked in writing, except very rarely in cases where by misplacing the stress a word might change its meaning and if the meaning is not obvious from the context.
Prior to , there existed a minor spelling difference between standard forms of Romanian language used in Romania and the variant also called Moldovan used in the Republic of Moldova—the Academy of Sciences of Moldova did not switch to the new spelling rules introduced by the Romanian Academy in In , the Moldovan Academy recommended adopting the spelling rules used in Romania, [] and in the Academy launched a schedule for the transition to the new rules that was completed in regarding publications.
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From this day, the spelling as used by institutions subordinated to the ministry of education is in line with the spelling norms used in Romania since This order, however, has no application to other government institutions and neither has Law of which provided for the means of transliterating of Cyrillic to Latin been amended to reflect these changes; thus, these institutions continue to use the old spelling.
Contemporary Romanian — highlighted words are French or Italian loanwords:. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Not to be confused with Romani language , Roman language , Romang language , or Romansh language. Distribution of the Romanian language in Romania, Moldova and surroundings.
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Slavic influence on Romanian.